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List of US Avant-Garde Film Histories
story © Michael Betancourt | published January 30, 2015 | permalink |
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There are lots of histories published about US avant-garde film. Here's an extended list of some of them, arranged in order of publication year:
Frank Stauffacher and Richard Foster, Art in Cinema (catalog, 1946)
Lewis Jacobs, Experimental Cinema in America 1921-1947 in The Rise of the American Film (1948)
Roger Manvell, Experiment in the Film (1949)
Robert Pike, A Critical Study of the West Coast Experimental Film Movement (UCLA dissertation, 1960)
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"Beyond Spatial Montage" part 4 of 6
story © Michael Betancourt | published November 20, 2014 | permalink |
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This theory work will be published as a book-length monograph Beyond Spatial Montage: Windowing, or, the Cinematic Displacement of Time, Motion, and Space by Focal Press.
Part 4 of a 6 Part series proposing an expanded theorization of spatial montage, excerpted from a current book project.
MotionSpace Displacement (Mirroring)
The most easily identified variety of MotionSpace displacement, a tessellated array of (typically) triangular images, is immediately recognizable as being kaleidoscopic. However, any mirroring, even a simple vertical reflection on screen creating a symmetrical pattern would qualify as a MotionSpace displacement. These simple forms are the most common: mirroring is the earliest form of windowing to be developed since the visual structure happens continuously in real time since it does not require the motion picture as technological supportas a result, the first examples of this displacement are pre-cinematic. They appear in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as developments in kineto-optical devices (both photography and the motion picture are also examples of these scientific concerns). While a simple split screen (two images) would not be an example of this technique, if it were instead a mirroring of the frame (so long as it was not a superimposition of the frame flipped horizontally or vertically) it would qualify as the simplest variety of MotionSpace displacement. Complex versions with multiple reflections, often resembling a kaleidoscope, are more readily identified versions of this visual displacement.
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"Beyond Spatial Montage" part 3 of 6
story © Michael Betancourt | published November 15, 2014 | permalink |
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This theory work will be published as a book-length monograph Beyond Spatial Montage: Windowing, or, the Cinematic Displacement of Time, Motion, and Space by Focal Press.
Part 3 of a 6 Part series proposing an expanded theorization of spatial montage, excerpted from a current book project.
TimeMotion Displacement (Step Printing)
TimeMotion displacement is part of the foundational history of motion pictures. This type of sequential photograph, the chronophotograph, invented by the French scientist Etienne-Jules Marey, is immediately recognizable as representing a temporal shift where an identical, multiple-yet-singular formal structure of displacement is created entirely within a singular full-frame image. This displacement achieves a distinct juxtaposition and fragmentation of time and motion that is different in character and degree from spatial montagethe spatial element extending across the screen, is incidental to the organization as it is motion that characterizes these repetitions. This displacement of the duration across the screen as the individual motion echoes violates the continuous long take in precisely the same way that editing and other forms of montage do, but without breaching the integrity of the individual shot. Superimpositions produced with an optical printer (or using video/digital processing) can produce a visual displacement called step printing that transforms the chronophotograph into a motion picture.
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